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Penyakit ginjal terkait HIV Logo Acrobat Unduh versi PDF
Oleh: John G. Bartlett, MD Tgl. laporan: 2 Juni 2009

Nefropati terkait HIV pertama kali dilaporkan pada 1984.1 Sejak itu komplikasi tersebut menjadi penyebab utama ketiga pada penyakit ginjal stadium akhir (end-stage renal disease/ESRD) pada orang berkulit hitam yang berusia 20-64 tahun.2 Terapi antiretroviral (ART) mengurangi risiko ESRD sebanyak 40-60%; ketahanan hidup satu tahun pada pasien yang melakukan dialisis meningkat dari 25% menjadi 75%; dan pencangkokan ginjal menjadi pilihan.

Faktor risiko terhadap penyakit ginjal kronis

Tingkat hipertensi pada populasi itu juga menunjukkan peningkatan tiga kali lipat dibandingkan pasangan kontrol seusianya.4

Gagal ginjal akut

Unsur antiretroviral (ARV) dan penyakit ginjal

Beberapa laporan menghubungkan ARV dengan penyakit ginjal, tetapi kebanyakan menunjukkan tingkat yang sangat rendah, kecuali indinavir, ARV yang saat ini jarang dipakai. ARV lain yang terkait dengan penyakit ginjal termasuk abacavir, atazanavir, ddI, efavirenz, enfuvirtide, 3TC, ritonavir, dan d4T. ARV yang paling dikaitkan dengan nefrotoksisitas adalah tenofovir:

Kerentanan pasien berkulit hitam terhadap toksisitas ginjal sudah dilaporkan sebagai nol atau jarang.13 Penelitian tenofovir yang diberikan dengan rejimen yang dikuatkan oleh PI juga menunjukkan tingkat nefrotoksisitas nol atau kurang dari 2%.14-16

Kesimpulan terkait tenofovir:

Pengobatan CKD

Referensi:

1. Rao TK, Filippone EJ, Nicastri AD, et al. Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:669-673. Abstract

2. Winston JA, Klotman PE. Are we missing an epidemic of HIV-associated nephropathy? Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:1-7.

3. Brown TT, Cole SR, Li X, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1179-1184. Abstract

4. Gazzaruso C, Bruno R, Garzaniti A, et al. Hypertension among HIV patients: prevalence and relationships to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1377-1382. Abstract

5. Stehman-Breen CO, Gillen D, Steffes M, et al. Racial differences in early-onset renal disease among young adults: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2352-2357. Abstract

6. Lucas GM, Lau B, Atta MG, et al. Chronic kidney disease incidence, and progression to end-stage renal disease, in HIV-infected individuals: a tale of two races. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1548-1557. Abstract

7. Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Eron JJ Jr, Szczech LA, Finn WF. Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1526-1531. Abstract

8. Arribas JR, Pozniak AL, Gallant JE, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz compared with zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in treatment-naive patients: 144-week analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:74-78. Abstract

9. Gallant JE, Parish MA, Keruly JC, Moore RD. Changes in renal function associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment, compared with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1194-1198. Abstract

10. Cihlar T, Ray AS, Laflamme G, et al. Molecular assessment of the potential for renal drug interactions between tenofovir and HIV protease inhibitors. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:267-272. Abstract

11. Goicoechea M, Liu S, Best B, et al. Greater tenofovir-associated renal function decline with protease inhibitor-based versus nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:102-108. Abstract

12. Gérard L, Chazallon C, Taburet AM, et al. Renal function in antiretroviral-experienced patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate associated with atazanavir/ritonavir. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:31-39. Abstract

13. Reid A, Stöhr W, Walker AS, et al. Severe renal dysfunction and risk factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected adults in Africa initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1271-1281. Abstract

14. Johnson M, Grinsztejn B, Rodriguez C, et al. 96-week comparison of once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir and twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with multiple virologic failures. AIDS. 2006;20:711-718. Abstract

15. Smith KY, Weinberg WG, Dejesus E, et al. Fosamprenavir or atazanavir once daily boosted with ritonavir 100 mg, plus tenofovir/emtricitabine, for the initial treatment of HIV infection: 48-week results of ALERT. AIDS Res Ther. 2008;5:5.

16. Buchacz K, Young B, Baker RK, et al. Renal function in patients receiving tenofovir with ritonavir/lopinavir or ritonavir/atazanavir in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:626-628. Abstract

Ringkasan: HIV-Associated Kidney Disease

Sumber: Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1449-1457

Edit terakhir: 30 Juni 2009